European Coordination for Accelerator Research & Development 

Vol.01: Multi-cell Superconducting Structures for High Energy e+-e- Colliders and Free Electron Laser Linacs
Jacek Sekutowicz, 2008, 135 pages

The volume, which is the first in the editorial series on Accelerator Science, is closely combined with the most advanced particle accelerators – based on Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) technology. In general, SRF research includes following areas: high gradient cavities, cavity prototyping, thin film technologies, large grain and mono-crystalline niobium and niobium alloys, quenching effects in superconducting cavities, SRF injectors, photo-cathodes, beam dynamics, quality of electron beams, cryogenics, high power RF sources, low level RF, tuners, RF power coupling to cavities, RF test infrastructures, etc. The volume consists of the following chapters: Overview of e+-e- colliders; TESLA superconducting structure and alternative structures for ILC; Superconducting superstructures; Superconducting photo-injector.

Vol.02: TRIDAQ Detector Systems for High Energy Physics Experiments,
Krzysztof Poźniak, 2008, 161 pages

The volume is presenting the current development trends of electronics for the biggest accelerator experiments. The measurement, data readout and acquisition, control and monitoring systems are distributed, fast, multichannel, cover large area, work synchronously with the experiment clock, possess pipeline architecture, work in the adverse environments. The volume is a sort of a practical manual for engineers participating in the design, construction, commissioning and exploitation of such control-measurement systems. The volume consists of the following chapters: development of electronic systems for HEP experiments; design of TRIDAQ systems; examples of TRIDAQ systems solutions, HERA/ZEUS, LHC/CMS.

This volume is currently available in Polish but will be available in English shortly, for more details, contact us.

Vol.03: Triggers for the Pierre Auger Observatory, the current status and plans for the future,
Zbigniew Szadkowski, 2009, 227 pages

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a multi-national organization for research on ultra high energy cosmic rays (cosmic accelerators). The Auger-South has been completed in Argentina in 2008. The planned Auger-North in Colorado will supplement the latter one and together they will establish the most ever tool for charged particle astronomy to determine the origin and nature of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector consisting of a Surface Detector (SD) and an atmospheric Fluorescence Detector (FD). The hybrid data set will provide the best evaluation of the primary particle composition. The detectors register extensive Air Showers initiated in the atmosphere by a single cosmic ray particle. The volume consists of the following chapters: Pierre Auger Observatory background; Second level trigger in PAO; First level trigger in PAO; New triggers for PA surface detector; PAO performance and preliminary results; Auger muons and infill for the ground array; Triggers for a detection of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers.

Vol.04: Coordinated Accelerator Research in Europe, Summary of Project Achievements,
Roy Aleksan, Olivier Napoly (Editors), 2009, 130 pages

The main objective of the CARE project was to generate a structured and integrated European area in the field of accelerator research and related R&D. The framework of CARE has successfully integrated the subjects, the infrastructures and the expertise. The volume consists of the following chapters: Overview of CARE Project; Electron Linear Accelerator Network in Europe (ELAN), Beams and European Neutrino Experiments (BENE); High-energy high-intensity hadron beams; R&D in SRF; Charge production with photo-injectors (PHIN); High-intensity pulsed photo-injector (HIPPI); Next European dipole (NED).

Vol.05: Some topics in beam dynamics of storage rings,
Helmut Mais, 2009, 132 pages

The volume reviews some beam dynamics problems in accelerator physics. Theoretical tools and methods are introduced and discussed. It is shown that these concepts can be applied to the study of various problems in storage rings. The first part treats Hamiltonian systems for proton accelerators. The second part is concerned with explicitly stochastic systems represented by electron storage rings. The volume consists of the following chapters: Hamiltonian dynamics; Qualitative and perturbation theory; Stochastic dynamics in storage rings; electron and proton storage rings; spin dynamics in storage rings.

Vol.06: An early separation scheme for the LHC luminosity upgrade,
Guido Sterbini, 2010, 169 pages

The volume addresses the goals and requirements for the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. It analyses the need for the crossing angle and its impact on the peak luminosity of the collider. After having introduced the Early Separation Scheme, it explains how it may overcome some limitations of the present machine. All the potential improvement due to the Early Separation Scheme are shown on the luminosity plane (peak luminosity verses integrated luminosity). Linear and non-linear beam dynamics effects are also discussed. The volume consists of the following chapters: The Concept of Early Separation; Luminosity leveling and performance; The induced beam dynamics effect; Simulations and experiments; The integration and the preliminary design.

Vol.08: Front-end electronics for multichannel semiconductor detector systems,
Paweł Gryboś, 2010, 187 pages

The volume is devoted to many different aspects related to front-end electronics for semiconductor detector systems, namely:
- designing and testing silicon position sensitive detectors for HEP experiments and X-ray imaging applications,
- designing and testing of multichannel readout electronics for semiconductor detectors used in X-ray imaging applications, especially for noise minimization, fast signal processing, crosstalk reduction and good matching performance,
- optimization of semiconductor detection systems in respect to the effects of radiation damage.
The monograph is the result mainly of the author's experience in the above-mentioned areas and it is an attempt of a comprehensive presentation of issues related to the position sensitive detection system working in a single photon counting mode and intended to X-ray imaging applications. The structure of this book is as follows:
- semiconductor detectors: detector materials, signal generation, detector segmentation, detector models;
- architecture of front end electronics: CSA, shaper, discriminator, noise optimizations, pulse shaping, fast signal processing;
- important aspects of multichannel integrated circuits: noise modeling, short channel effects, digital to analog crosstalk, random matching;
- radiation damage of integrated circuits: total dose effects, single event effects, radiation tolerant design;
- examples of multichannel counting integrated circuits: chips for strip detectors, solutions for pad and pixel detectors.

Vol.10 European Infrastructures for R&D and Test of Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavities and Cryo-Modules
W. Weingarten, 2011, 46 pages

The need for a European facility to build and test superconducting RF accelerating structures and cryo-modules (SRF test facility) was extensively discussed during the preparation of EuCARD. It comprised a distributed network of equipment across Europe to be assessed and, if needed, completed by hardware. It also addressed the quest for a deeper basic understanding, a better control and optimisation of the manufacture of superconducting RF structures with the aim of a substantial improvement of the accelerating gradient, a reduction of its spread and a cost minimisation. However, consequent to EU budget restrictions, the proposal was not maintained. Instead, a more detailed analysis was requested by a sub-task inside the EuCARD Network AccNet - RFTech.
The main objective of this “SRF sub-task” consists in intensifying a collaborative effort between European accelerator labs. The aim focused on planning and later identifying for European accelerator users a multi-purpose state-of-the-art network of equipment for R&D and testing of SRF cavities and cryo-modules. The duration of this sub-task was agreed for two years, after which the results were to be presented to the funding agencies. This shall be achieved by this report.
This report is inevitably biased by the author’s opinion and preconceptions although a balanced assessment was aimed at. It summarizes the discussions held with individuals and during specific workshops or conferences organized in 2009 - 2011 under the auspices of RFTech and other EuCARD annual meetings. It shall answer the following questions:
1. Is there a need for a SRF test infrastructure, distributed across, and managed by, European accelerator labs?
2. What research topics are important for the future of SRF technology and what priorities should be attributed to them?
3. Is the capacity and available equipment sufficient to cope with the demands of emerging European projects?

 Vol.12 Materials and surface aspects in the development of SRF niobium cavities
Claire Antoine, 2011, 130 pages

This monograph describes the main phenomena related to surface and material properties involved in SRF technology. Each chapter begins with basic observations, followed by some discussion based on experimental results obtained with advanced material/surface studies techniques. The purpose of these discussions is to familiarize the reader from the accelerator community the possibility of these techniques, to draw attention to some remarkable results, but also give some hints about the limitations of each technique.

After a brief introduction describing the philosophy of Niobium cavity fabrication and preparation, there is a large chapter dedicated to niobium metallurgy, mechanical properties, forming... The physical origin and the influence of these parameters to the specifications are described so that the reader should be able to knowingly change the specifications whenever his application requires it. Topics like large grain cavities, damage, dislocations influence on superconducting properties, etc. are discussed. The next chapter discusses surface morphology in relation to surface treatments and its possible influence on cavity performances. A large chapter is then dedicated to sub-surface contamination, mainly hydrogen and oxygen, at the metal-oxide interface. The role of this interface in superconducting properties, in particular its modification upon baking is discussed.

Before the conclusion, a prospective chapter is dedicated to after-the-niobium superconductors, in particular the multilayers structures proposed by Gurevich.

Other useful information is gathered in appendixes: main issues concerning particle contamination and field emission, main features and description of surface treatments, and information on niobium machining and hydroforming. A glossary and more than 220 references entries complete this work.

Vol.14 Beam Dynamics Studies of the ISOLDE Post-Accelerator for the High Intensity and Energy Upgrade
Michal Dziewiecki, 2012, 115 pages  

Multipixel avalanche photodiodes (MAPD) are recently gaining popularity in high energy physics experiments as an attractive replacement for photomultiplier tubes, which have been extensively used for many years as a part of various scintillating detectors.

Their low price, small dimensions and another features facilitating their use (like mechanical shock resistance, magnetic field immunity or moderate supply voltage) make the MAPDs a good choice for commercial use as well, what is reflected in growing number of producers as well as MAPD models available on the market.

This dissertation presents Author’s experience with MAPD measurements and modelling, gained during his work on the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) long-baseline neutrino experiment, carried out by an international collaboration in Japan.

First, operation principle of the MAPD, definitions of various parameters and measurement methods are discussed. Then, a device for large-scale MAPD measurements and related data processing methods are described. Finally, the Author presents an attempt of analysis and interpretation of the results.

Vol.16 Beam Position Diagnostics with Higher Order Modes in Third Harmonic Superconducting Accelerating Cavities
Pei Zhang, 2013, 242 pages  

Higher order modes (HOM) are electromagnetic resonant fields. They can be excited by an electron beam entering an accelerating cavity, and constitute a component of the wake- eld. This wakeeld has the potential to dilute the beam qual- ity and, in the worst case, result in a beam-break-up instability. It is therefore important to ensure that these fields are well suppressed by extracting energy through special couplers. In addition, the e ect of the transverse wakeeld can be reduced by aligning the beam on the cavity axis. This is due to their strength depending on the transverse o set of the excitation beam. For suitably small o sets the dominant components of the transverse wakeeld are dipole modes, with a linear depen- dence on the transverse o set of the excitation bunch. This fact enables the transverse beam position inside the cavity to be determined by measuring the dipole modes extracted from the couplers, similar to a cavity beam position monitor (BPM), but requires no additional vacuum instrumentation

At the FLASH facility in DESY, 1.3 GHz (known as TESLA) and 3.9 GHz (third harmonic) cavities are installed. Wakeelds in 3.9 GHz cavities are signicantly larger than in the 1.3 GHz cavities. It is therefore important to mitigate the adverse e ects of HOMs to the beam by aligning the beam on the electric axis of the cavities. This alignment requires an accurate beam po- sition diagnostics inside the 3.9 GHz cavities. It is this aspect that is focused on in this thesis. Although the principle of beam diagnostics with HOM has been demonstrated on 1.3 GHz cav- ities, the realization in 3.9 GHz cavities is considerably more challenging.

Vol.18 RF Phase Reference Distribution System for TESLA Technology Based Projects
Krzysztof Czuba, 2013, 137 pages  

Amongst the most advanced of currently developed accelerators are projects based on the TESLA technology. These projects require synchronization of many RF devices with accuracy reaching femtosecond levels over kilometre distances. Design of a phase reference distribution system fulfilling such requirements is a challenging scientific task. There are many interdisciplinary problems which must be solved during the system design.

This issue is devoted to the conceptual analysis, design and realization of a complete phase reference distribution system for the FLASH accelerator. The most important design issues are considered. Important distribution system architectures are described with their advantages and disadvantages. Methods of characterization of signal phase instabilities in distribution system components are presented. A general, system-level design method of the distribution system is proposed. The designed FLASH distribution system is divided into three subsystems: the Master Oscillator System, coaxial cable links and the fiber-optic link with active phase stabilization. The design, realization and tests of these subsystems are described